Indications
- Zithrin is indicated for infections (caused by susceptible
organisms) in lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis and
pneumonia, in upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis and
pharyngitis/tonsillitis, in otitis media, and in skin and soft tissue infections.
In sexually transmitted diseases in men and women, Zithrin is indicated in the
treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis due to Chlamydia
trachomatis.
* রেজিস্টার্ড
চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ মোতাবেক ঔষধ সেবন করুন'
Pharmacology
- Azithromycin is acid-stable and can therefore be taken
orally with no need of protection from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed;
its absorption is greater on an empty stomach. Time to peak concentration in
adults is 2.1 to 3.2 hours for oral dosage forms. Due to the high concentration
in phagocytes, azithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection.
During active phagocytosis, large concentrations of azithromycin are released.
The concentration of azithromycin in the tissues can be over 50 times higher than
in plasma. This is due to ion trapping and the high lipid solubility.
- Azithromycin's half-life allows a large single dose to be
administered and yet maintain bacteriostatic levels in the infected tissue for
several days. Following a single 500 mg dose, plasma concentrations of
azithromycin declined in a polyphasic pattern with a mean apparent plasma
clearance of 630 mL/min and a terminal elimination half life of 68 hours. The
prolonged terminal half-life is thought to be due to extensive uptake and subsequent
release of drug from tissues. Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly
unchanged, is a major route of elimination. Over the course of a week,
approximately 6% of the administered dose appears as unchanged drug in urine.
- Microbiology: Azithromycin acts by binding to the 50S
ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and, thus, interfering with
microbial protein synthesis. Nucleic acid synthesis is not affected.
Azithromycin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following
microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections:
- Aerobic and facultative gram-positive microorganisms:
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Streptococcus pyogenes
- Aerobic and facultative gram-negative microorganisms:
Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
- Other microorganisms: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia
trachomatis , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Betalactamase production should have no
effect on azithromycin activity.
- Aerobic and facultative gram-positive microorganisms:
Streptococci (Groups C,F,G), Viridans group streptococci
- Aerobic and facultative gram-negative microorganisms:
Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophila
- Anaerobic microorganisms: Peptostreptococcus species,
Prevotella bivia
Dosage
Oral-
Adult: 500 mg once daily orally for 3 days or 500 mg once on
day 1, then 250 mg once on days 2-5 for 4 days. For sexually transmitted
diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in adults, the dose is 1 gm given as a
single dose or 500 mg once on day 1, followed by 250 mg once daily for next 2
days may also be given.
Children:
- 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days for child over 6
months
- 200 mg (1 teaspoonful) for 3 days if body weight is 15-25 kg
- 300 mg (1½ teaspoonfuls) for 3 days if body weight is 26-35
kg; 400 mg (2 teaspoonfuls) for 3 days if body weight is 36-45 kg.
- In typhoid fever, 500 mg (2½ teaspoonfuls) once daily for
7-10 days is given.
- Azithromycin Injection (For IV Infusion only): The recommended
dose of Azithromycin for injection for the treatment of adult patients with
community-acquired pneumonia due to the indicated organisms is:
- 500 mg as a single daily dose by the intravenous route for
at least two days. Intravenous therapy should be followed by Azithromycin by
the oral route at a single, daily dose of 500 mg, administered as two 250-mg
tablets to complete a 7 to 10-day course of therapy. The timing of the switch
to oral therapy should be done at the discretion of the physician and in
accordance with clinical response.
- The recommended dose of Azithromycin for the treatment of
adult patients with pelvic inflammatory disease due to the indicated organisms
is: 500 mg as a single daily dose by the intravenous route for one or two days.
Intravenous therapy should be followed by Azithromycin by the oral route at a
single, daily dose of 250 mg to complete a 7-day course of therapy. The timing
of the switch to oral therapy should be done at the discretion of the physician
and in accordance with clinical response. If anaerobic microorganisms are
suspected of contributing to the infection, an antimicrobial agent with
anaerobic activity should be administered in combination with Azithromycin.
- Safety and effectiveness of azithromycin for injection in
children or adolescents under 16 years have not been established.
* রেজিস্টার্ড
চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ মোতাবেক ঔষধ সেবন করুন'
Administration
Reconstitution procedure of suspension-
Step 01: Shake the bottle well to loosen the powder.
Step 02: Add boiled and cooled water up to the water mark of
the bottle label.
Step 03: Shake until powder is completely mixed with water.
Azithromycin should be taken at least 1 hour before or 2
hours after meal.
* রেজিস্টার্ড
চিকিৎসকের পরামর্শ মোতাবেক ঔষধ সেবন করুন'
Interaction
- Antacid: In patients receiving azithromycin and antacids,
azithromycin should be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after the
antacid. Carbamazepine: In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy
volunteers, no significant effect was observed on the plasma levels of
carbamazepine or its active metabolite.
- Cyclosporin: Some of the related macrolide antibiotics
interfere with the metabolism of cyclosporin. In the absence of conclusive data
from pharmacokinetic studies or clinical data investigating potential
interactions between azithromycin and cyclosporine, caution should be exercised
before co-administration of these two drugs. If coadministrations is necessary,
cyclosporin levels should be monitored and the dose adjusted accordingly.
- Digoxin: Some of the macrolide antibiotics have been
reported to impair the metabolism of digoxin (in the gut) in some patients.
Therefore, in patients receiving concomitant azithromycin and digoxin the
possibility of raised digoxin levels should be borne in mind and digoxin levels
monitored.
- Ergot derivatives: Because of the theoretical possibility of
ergotism, azithromycin and ergot derivatives should not be co-administered.
- Methylprednisolone: In a pharmacokinetic interaction study
in healthy volunteers, azithromycin had no significant effect on the
pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone.
- Theophylline: There is no evidence of any pharmacokinetic
interaction when azithromycin and theophylline are co-administered to healthy
volunteers. In general, however, theophylline levels should be monitored.
- Warfarin: In a pharmacodynamic interaction study,
azithromycin did not alter the anticoagulant effect of a single 15 mg dose of
warfarin administered to healthy volunteers. Zithrin and warfarin may be
co-administered, but monitoring of the prothrombin time should be continued as
routinely performed.
- Terfenadine: Zithrin did not affect the pharmacokinetics of
terfenadine administered at the recommended dose of 60 mg every 12 hours.
Addition of azithromycin did not result in any significant changes in cardiac
repolarisation (QTc interval) measured during the steady state dosing of
terfenadine.
Contraindications
- Azithromycin Dihydrate is contraindicated in patients
hypersensitive to Azithromycin or any other macrolide antibiotic.
Co-administration of ergot derivatives and Azithromycin is contraindicated.
Azithromycin is contraindicated in patients with hepatic diseases.
Side Effects
- Zithrin is well tolerated with a low incidence of
side-effects. Most side-effects observed were mild to moderate in severity. The
majority of side-effects were gastrointestinal in origin with nauseas,
abdominal discomfort (pain/cramps), vomiting, flatulence, diarrhoea and loose
stools being occasionally observed. Allergic reactions such as rash or
photosensitivity have occurred and there have also been rare reports of serious
hypersensitivity reactions. Reversible elevations in liver transaminases have
been seen with a frequency similar to the comparative macrolides and
penicillins used in clinical trials. Rarely, cases of cholestatic jaundice have
been observed. Transient mild reductions in neutrofil counts have occasionally
been observed in clinical trials, although a causal relationship to
azithromycin has not been established. Hearing impairment: In investigational
studies where higher doses were used for prolonged periods of time, reversible
hearing impairment was seen in some patients.
Pregnancy & Lactation
- Pregnancy Category of Azithromycin Dihydrate is B. Animal
reproduction studies have demonstrated that Azithromycin has no evidence of
harm to the fetus. There are no adequate and well controlled studies in
pregnant women. Since animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of
human response, Azithromycin should be used during pregnancy only if adequate
alternatives are not available. It is not known whether Azithromycin is
secreted in breast milk. So, caution should be exercised when Azithromycin is
administered to nursing women.
Precautions & Warnings
- As with erythromycin and other macrolides, rare serious
allergic reactions, including angioneurotic oedema and anaphylaxis, has been
reported. Some of these reactions with azithromycin have resulted in recurrent
symptoms and required a long period of observation and treatment.
Use in Special Populations
- Use in renal impairment: No dose adjustment is needed in
patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance >40 ml/min), but
there are no data regarding azithromycin in patients with more severe renal
impairment, thus caution should be exercised in using azithromycin in these
patients.
- Use in hepatic impairment: As the liver is the principal
route of excretion of azithromycin, it should not be used in patients with
hepatic disease.
- Effects on ability to drive and use machines: There is no
evidence to suggest that azithromycin may have an effect on a patient’s ability
to drive or operate machinery.
Overdose Effects
- There is no data on overdosage with Zithrin. Typical
symptoms of overdosage with macrolide antibiotics include hearing loss, severe
nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Gastric lavage and general supportive measures
are indicated.
Storage Conditions
- Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the
reach of children.
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